Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) is a condition where the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart, become narrowed or blocked, leading to a heart attack or angina (chest pain). It is a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide.

Causes and Risk Factors

1. Atherosclerosis: The buildup of plaque, a sticky substance made up of cholesterol, fat, and other substances, in the coronary arteries.

2. High Blood Pressure: Prolonged high blood pressure can damage the inner lining of the coronary arteries, leading to plaque buildup.

3. High Cholesterol: Elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol can increase the risk of atherosclerosis.

4. Smoking: Smoking damages the inner lining of the coronary arteries and increases the risk of atherosclerosis.

5. Family History: Having a family history of CHD can increase an individual's risk.

6. Obesity: Being overweight or obese can increase the risk of CHD.

7. Physical Inactivity: Lack of regular physical activity can increase the risk of CHD.

8. Diabetes: Having diabetes can increase the risk of CHD.

Symptoms

1. Chest Pain or Discomfort: A sensation of heaviness, pressure, or tightness in the chest that can radiate to the arm, back, neck, jaw, or stomach.

2. Shortness of Breath: Difficulty breathing or feeling winded even when at rest.

3. Cold Sweats: Breaking out in cold sweat or feeling clammy.

4. Lightheadedness or Dizziness: Feeling dizzy or lightheaded.

5. Fatigue: Feeling unusually tired or exhausted.

Diagnosis

1. Electrocardiogram (ECG): A test that records the electrical activity of the heart.

2. Stress Test: A test that measures the heart's ability to function under physical stress.

3. Echocardiogram: A test that uses ultrasound waves to create images of the heart.

4. Cardiac Catheterization: A test that uses a catheter to inject dye into the coronary arteries and visualize any blockages.

Treatment

1. Medications: Medications such as statins, beta blockers, and antiplatelet agents can help reduce the risk of CHD.

2. Angioplasty and Stenting: A procedure that involves inserting a balloon-tipped catheter into a blocked artery to open it up and insert a stent to keep it open.

3. Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG): A surgical procedure that involves bypassing blocked arteries with healthy blood vessels.

Prevention

1. Healthy Diet: Eating a healthy diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein can help reduce the risk of CHD.

2. Regular Exercise: Engaging in regular physical activity can help reduce the risk of CHD.

3. Maintaining a Healthy Weight: Maintaining a healthy weight through regular exercise and a balanced diet can help reduce the risk of CHD.

4. Managing Stress: Practicing stress-reducing techniques such as meditation or yoga can help reduce the risk of CHD.